夷

smiling face

loyalty to the emperor and expulsion of the foreigners

Hokkaido wolf (Canis lupus hattai, extinct)

Derogatory

Four Barbarians; derogative name for various ancient non-Chinese peoples bordering ancient China

appearing rustic

ancient song played at the court

comical tanka

China and foreign countries (from the perspective of China); civilized land and uncivilized land

Hokkaido brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis)

Buddhism

parajika (rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life)

sargent cherry (Prunus sargentii)

barbarians to the east and to the west (from the perspective of old China)

Buddhism

upasika (devout female lay follower of Buddhism)

controlling foreigners by foreigners; playing one barbarian state against another

China aster (Callistephus chinensis); Chinese aster; annual aster

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus); eleuthero; ciwujia

lemon day-lily (Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus, formerly Hemerocallis flava); lemon lily; yellow day-lily

Pteromys volans orii (subspecies of the Siberian flying squirrel, endemic to Hokkaido)

Viola eizanensis (flower in the violet family)

Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis); Jezo spruce

Lyristes japonicus (species of cicada)

hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia)

Magnolia praecocissima; shidekobushi Magnolia kobus

Tamias sibiricus lineatus (subspecies of Siberian chipmunk native to Hokkaido)

Japanese sable (subspecies of sable native to Hokkaido, Martes zibellina brachyura)

chives (Allium schoenoprasum var. schoenoprasum)