Meanings
Readings
Common Words
painful; bitter; heart-breaking; difficult (emotionally)
tough; difficult; hard (usu. of situations)
cruel; harsh; cold
After -masu stem of a verb
difficult to ... (physically or emotionally); hard to ...
barely; narrowly; only just; with difficulty
spicy; hot
salty
harsh (criticism); severe (punishment); strict
painful; bitter; difficult; tough
patience; endurance; perseverance
bitter (e.g. criticism); sharp; biting; severe; scathing; harsh
spice; spices; condiment
patient; persevering
difficult to speak about
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