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å›ē
å›ē
8 strokes
Frequency: 750
JLPT N2
Grade 4

Meanings

harden
set
clot
curdle

Readings

On — Chinese-derived reading, usually for compounds
ã‚ŗ
Kun — Native Japanese reading, usually for standalone words
かた.める
かた.ぞる
かた.ぞり
かた.い

Common Words

å›ēい
堅い
かたい
įˇŠã„
īŊžã„ Adj.
Freq #1874
1

Esp. å›ēい and 堅い for wood, įĄŦい for metal and stone

hard; solid; tough

Examples
åĩはįĄŦくゆでãĻください。
Boil the eggs hard.
2

stiff; tight; wooden; unpolished (e.g. writing)

Examples
こぎãĩたはå›ēくãĻ取れãĒいよ。
This lid is too tight for me to open.
3

strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved)

Examples
そぎ抟æĸ°ãŽéǍįĩ„ãŋは堅くãĒければãĒらãĒい。
The frame of the machine should be rigid.
4

safe; steady; honest; steadfast

5

obstinate; stubborn

6

bookish; formal; stuffy

Examples
å›ēã„ã“ã¨č¨€ã†ãĒよ。
You don't have to be so formal.
かたぞる
Godan verb
Intransitive
Freq #2056
1

to harden; to solidify

Examples
æˆ‘ã€…ãŽč¨ˆį”ģはぞだå›ēãžãŖãĻãĒい。
Our plans are not yet concrete.
2

to become firm; to become certain

3

to gather (together); to assemble; to huddle together

4

Computing

to freeze; to hang; to stop responding

かためる
堅める
Transitive
Ichidan verb
Freq #2824
1

to harden; to freeze; to strengthen; to solidify; to make (a fist); to tramp down (snow, dirt)

2

to put together; to collect; to gather; to consolidate

3

to make secure; to stabilize; to settle down; to strengthen (belief, resolution, etc.); to establish (evidence)

4

to fortify; to reinforce; to support

5

In the form ãĢčēĢをかためる

to wear for a specific purpose (armor, coat, etc.)

6

to swear; to resolutely vow; to sincerely promise

7

to tie tightly; to fasten

8

to hold a bow fully drawn

å›ēぞり
かたぞり
Noun
Freq #3158
1

lump; mass; bundle; clump; clod; cluster

Examples
厍大ãĒč‚‰ãŽåĄŠãŒåŊ“ãŸãŖãŸã€‚
I was hit by a huge chunk of meat.
2

group; crowd

3

embodiment (of an idea, quality, feeling etc.); personification

こãĻい
Noun
Freq #3805
1

Noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru; Transitive verb; Intransitive verb

fixing (in place); being fixed (in place); securing; anchoring; fastening down

Examples
こぎテãƒŧブãƒĢã¯ãŒãŸã¤ãã€‚ã—ãŖã‹ã‚Šå›ē厚させãĻくれ。
This table is shaky. Make it stay firm.
2

Noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru; Transitive verb; Intransitive verb

fixing (e.g. salary, capital); keeping the same

3

Noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru; Transitive verb; Intransitive verb; Biology

fixation (histology)

4

Internet slang; Abbreviation

user name (on an online forum like 2ch where the majority of users post anonymously)

5

Internet slang; Abbreviation

user of an online handle (instead of posting anonymously)

元より
å›ēより
į´ ã‚ˆã‚Š
Adverb
Usually kana
Freq #6291
1

from the beginning; from the first; all along; originally

Examples
ã‚‚ã¨ã‚ˆã‚Šį§ã¯æœ€æ‚Ēぎä狿…‹ã‚’čĻšæ‚Ÿã—ãĻいた。
From the outset I was prepared for the worst.
2

of course

Examples
もとよりそんãĒことはæ‰ŋįŸĨぎ上だ。
Of course I am aware of that.
3

Usu. as ...はもとより...も

not to mention ...; not only ... but also ...; to say nothing of ...

Examples
äŊŽčŗƒé‡‘ã€åŠŖæ‚ĒãĒåŠ´åƒæĄäģļã€ä¸€æ–šįš„ãĒéĻ–åˆ‡ã‚ŠãĒおぎįĩŒæ¸ˆãƒģåŠ´åƒå•éĄŒã¯ã‚‚ã¨ã‚ˆã‚Šã€å„į¨ŽãŽäēēé“įš„å•éĄŒãžã§ã‚‚åŧ•きčĩˇã“しãĻいる。
Of course, they are suffering from terrible working conditions such as low wages and arbitrary layoffs, as well as from various forms of discrimination.
がんこ
īŊžãĒ Adj.
Noun
Freq #6548
1

stubborn; obstinate; pigheaded

Examples
åŊŧは性čŗĒが頑å›ēだ。
He is obstinate in disposition.
きょうこ
鞏å›ē
īŊžãĒ Adj.
Freq #7511
1

firm; strong; solid; stable

Examples
こぎ原験でåŊŧぎå­ĻčĒŦã¯ã„ãŖãã†åŧˇå›ēãĒもぎãĢãĒãŖãŸã€‚
The experiment confirmed his theory.
だんこ
断䚎
īŊžã¨ Adverb
Freq #7912
1

'taru' adjective

firm; determined; resolute; conclusive

Examples
į§ã¯åŽļãĢとおぞるようãĢとåŊŧらãĢ懸å‘ŊãĢč¨€ãŖãŸãŒã€åŊŧらは断å›ēとしãĻį§ãŽæ„čĻ‹ãĢč€ŗã‚’å‚žã‘ã‚ˆã†ã¨ã¯ã—ãĒã‹ãŖãŸã€‚
I tried hard to make them stay home, but they refused to listen to me.
こゆう
īŊžãĒ Adj.
īŊžãŽ Adj.
Freq #10974
1

characteristic; traditional; peculiar; inherent; native; eigen-

Examples
įžŊはéŗĨãĢå›ē有ぎもぎだ。
Feathers are peculiar to birds.
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