苦

sour (wry) face

Ixeris dentata (species of the daisy family)

agony of separation

magnesia; magnesium oxide

wormwood (Artemisia absinthium); absinthe

suffering caused by the cold

sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus); milk thistle

Japanese timber bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides); giant timber bamboo; madake

にがたけ only

Simon bamboo (Pleioblastus simonii)

Sophora flavescens

horned melon (Cucumis metuliferus); kiwano; African horned cucumber; jelly melon

coldest time of the year; bitter suffering

toil and hardship

dolomite

bitterness; bitter taste

Chemistry

bitter principle; bitter-tasting substance

creeping lettuce (Ixeris stolonifera)

pain; anguish; distress; suffering; hardship

mafic

Buddhism

cold-suffering bird; kankuchō; imaginary bird said to live in the Himalayas who forgets the cold of night as soon as morning comes

Idiomatic expression; Derogatory; Buddhism

(lazy) person who is poor at practicing asceticism; person unlikely to reach satori

harm zone; people who will suffer the negative effects of new public facilities, infrastructure, etc. (e.g. pollution)

four-fold hardship; quadruple whammy

Christianity

Good Friday

Rubus microphyllus (raspberry species)

to be unable to understand; to baffle one's understanding; to be beyond one's comprehension